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In this way, the researchers were able to show evidence of ongoing DNA repair in high-GC Gram-positive bacteria up to 600,000 years old. [17] Uracil N glycosylase has also been used in a method for cloning of PCR amplified DNA fragments. In this method the primers used in PCR are synthesized with uracil residues instead of thymine.
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used in the treatment of a range of common cancers that causes DNA damage via two mechanisms. FU is thought to kill cells via the inhibition of thymidylate synthase and also deprive cells of TTP during DNA replication, which leads to the introduction of uracil in DNA causing the fragmentation of newly synthesized DNA.
Uracil-DNA glycosylases are DNA repair enzymes that excise uracil residues from DNA by cleaving the N-glycosydic bond, initiating the base excision repair pathway. Uracil in DNA can arise either through the deamination of cytosine to form mutagenic U:G mispairs, or through the incorporation of dUMP by DNA polymerase to form U:A pairs . [ 18 ]
Uracil DNA glycosylase flips a uracil residue out of the duplex, shown in yellow. DNA glycosylases are responsible for initial recognition of the lesion. They flip the damaged base out of the double helix, as pictured, and cleave the N-glycosidic bond of the damaged base, leaving an AP site. There are two categories of glycosylases ...
Uracil has also shown potential as a HIV viral capsid inhibitor. [28] Uracil derivatives have antiviral, anti-tubercular and anti-leishmanial activity. [29] [30] [31] Uracil can be used to determine microbial contamination of tomatoes. The presence of uracil indicates lactic acid bacteria contamination of the fruit. [32]
Double-stranded uracil-DNA glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.28, Mug, double-strand uracil-DNA glycosylase, Dug, dsUDG, double-stranded DNA specific UDG, dsDNA specific UDG, UdgB, G:T/U mismatch-specific DNA glycosylase, UDG) is an enzyme with systematic name uracil-double-stranded DNA deoxyribohydrolase (uracil-releasing).
Bacteria within the Deinococcota group may also exhibit Gram-positive staining but contain some cell wall structures typical of Gram-negative bacteria. The cell wall of some Gram-positive bacteria can be completely dissolved by lysozymes which attack the bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine.
The uracil may be excised by uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG), resulting in an abasic site. This abasic site (or AP, apurinic/apyrimidinic) may be copied by a translesion synthesis DNA polymerase such as DNA polymerase eta, resulting in random incorporation of any of the four nucleotides, i.e. A, G, C, or T.