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Social monogamy in mammals is defined as sexually mature adult organisms living in pairs. [1] While there are many definitions of social monogamy, this social organization can be found in invertebrates, reptiles and amphibians, fish, birds, mammals, and humans.
Monogamy in mammals is rather rare, only occurring in 3–9% of these species. [3] [4] [5] A larger percentage of avian species are known to have monogamous relationships (about 90%), [6] but most avian species practice social but not genetic monogamy in contrast to what was previously assumed by researchers. [7]
Close to ninety percent [3] of known avian species are monogamous, compared to five percent of known mammalian species.The majority of monogamous avians form long-term pair bonds which typically result in seasonal mating: these species breed with a single partner, raise their young, and then pair up with a new mate to repeat the cycle during the next season.
Monogamy: One male and one female have an exclusive mating relationship. The term "pair bonding" often implies this. This is associated with one-male, one-female group compositions. There are two types of monogamy: type 1, which is facultative, and type 2, which is obligate. Facultative monogamy occurs when there are very low densities in a ...
Only 3% of mammalian species are socially monogamous, although up to 15% of primate species are. [10] [16] Social monogamy has also been observed in reptiles, fish, and insects. Sexual monogamy is also rare among animals. Many socially monogamous species engage in extra-pair copulations, making them sexually non-monogamous. For example, while ...
Relatedness does still play a part, as monogamy (queens mating singly) is the ancestral state for all eusocial species so far investigated. [73] If kin selection is an important force driving the evolution of eusociality, monogamy should be the ancestral state, because it maximizes the relatedness of colony members.
Across the animal kingdom, extra-pair copulation is common in monogamous species, and only a very few pair-bonded species are thought to be exclusively sexually monogamous. EPC in the animal kingdom has mostly been studied in birds and mammals. [2] [3] [4] Possible benefits of EPC can be investigated within non-human species, such as birds. [5]
A mammal in which males remain as care helpers. [10] Male mammals employ different behaviors to enhance their reproductive success (e.g. courtship displays, mate choice). However, the benefits of paternal care have rarely been studied in mammals, largely because only 5-10% of mammals exhibit such care (mostly present in primates, rodents and ...