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Concept (top view): In a vehicle, motors M1 through M4 drive respective wheels independently, possibly through respective gear arrangements. Individual-wheel drive (IWD) is an automobile design in which the vehicle has an all-wheel drive powertrain that consists of multiple independent traction motors each supplying torque to a single drive wheel. [1]
The name is an abbreviation of Universal Wheel Drive System. [2] The Uni Wheel is intended to gain the advantages of individual wheel drive without having to mount the motor directly to, or inside, the wheel. Instead, it subsumes the functions of constant-velocity joints, drive shaft and reduction gearing into a single system within the wheel. [1]
This front-wheel drive vehicle has an electric motor that can drive the rear wheels when extra traction is needed. The system is disengaged in all other driving conditions, so it does not directly enhance performance or economy but allows the use of a smaller and more economical engine relative to total performance.
The most common forms of all-wheel drive are: 1x1 All unicycles Reflects one axle with one wheel capable of being powered. 2x2 Some motorcycles and bikes Reflects two axles with one wheel on each capable of being powered. 4×4 (also, four-wheel drive or 4WD) Reflects two axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
Language A: language and literature is a new course for first examinations 2013, intended to replace the Language A2 course in group 2. [4] The main aim of the course is to "encourage students to question the meaning generated by language and texts, which, it can be argued, is rarely straightforward and unambiguous".
The National Language Promotion Department (Urdu: اِدارۀ فروغِ قومی زُبان Idāra-ē Farōġ-ē Qaumī Zabān [ɪ.ˈd̪aː.rə.eː fə.ˈroːɣ.eː ˈqɔː.mi zə.ˈbaːn]), formerly known as the National Language Authority (or Urdu Language Authority), [1] is an autonomous regulatory institution established in 1979 to support the advancement and promotion of Urdu, which is ...
It is the most comprehensive dictionary in the history of Urdu language. [citation needed] It is published by the Urdu Lughat Board, Karachi. The dictionary was edited by the honorary director general of the board Maulvi Abdul Haq who had already been working on an Urdu dictionary since the establishment of the Urdu Dictionary Board, Karachi ...
A two-wheel-drive bicycle with the front wheel propelled by the arms and the rear wheel by the legs (demonstrated by its Dutch inventor on Polygoon, 1942). For two-wheeled vehicles such as motorcycles and bicycles, the term is used to describe vehicles that can power the front as well as the back wheel.