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[11] [12] Anchoring bias includes or involves the following: Common source bias, the tendency to combine or compare research studies from the same source, or from sources that use the same methodologies or data. [13] Conservatism bias, the tendency to insufficiently revise one's belief when presented with new evidence. [5] [14] [15]
Images in ImageNet are labelled using concepts in WordNet. Concepts that are easily expressed verbally, like "early", are seen as less "imageable" than nouns referring to physical objects like "leaf". Training AI models to associate concepts with low imageability with specific images can lead to problematic bias in image recognition algorithms.
There are multiple formal definitions of "inherent bias" which depend on the particular field of study. In statistics , the phrase is used in relation to an inability to measure accurately and directly what one would wish to measure, meaning that indirect measurements are used which might be subject to unknown distortions.
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic research is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a significant finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. [139]
This pioneering study indicates that online images not only display a stronger bias towards men but also leave a more lasting psychological impact compared to text, with effects still notable after three days. This was a two-part research paper in which the authors: examined text and images from the Internet for gender bias
A variable omitted from the model may have a relationship with both the dependent variable and one or more of the independent variables (causing omitted-variable bias). [3] An irrelevant variable may be included in the model (although this does not create bias, it involves overfitting and so can lead to poor predictive performance).
It is possible to have multiple independent variables or multiple dependent variables. For instance, in multivariable calculus, one often encounters functions of the form z = f(x,y), where z is a dependent variable and x and y are independent variables. [8] Functions with multiple outputs are often referred to as vector-valued functions.
Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias of scholars allowing their beliefs to shape their research and the scientific community. It can refer to several types of scholastic prejudice, e.g., logocentrism , phonocentrism , [ 1 ] ethnocentrism or the belief that some sciences and disciplines rank higher than others.