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Scientist Otto Warburg, whose research activities led to the formulation of the Warburg hypothesis for explaining the root cause of cancer.. The Warburg hypothesis (/ ˈ v ɑːr b ʊər ɡ /), sometimes known as the Warburg theory of cancer, postulates that the driver of carcinogenesis (cancer formation) is insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult (damage) to mitochondria. [1]
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [3] [4] Cancer can be difficult to diagnose because its signs and symptoms are often nonspecific, meaning they may be general phenomena that do not point directly to a specific disease process.
Henrietta Lacks (born Loretta Pleasant; August 1, 1920 – October 4, 1951) [2] was an African-American woman [5] whose cancer cells are the source of the HeLa cell line, the first immortalized human cell line [B] and one of the most important cell lines in medical research.
Ulceration can cause bleeding that can lead to symptoms such as coughing up blood (lung cancer), anemia or rectal bleeding (colon cancer), blood in the urine (bladder cancer), or abnormal vaginal bleeding (endometrial or cervical cancer). Although localized pain may occur in advanced cancer, the initial tumor is usually painless.
A cancer syndrome or family cancer syndrome is a genetic disorder in which inherited genetic mutations in one or more genes predisposes the affected individuals to the development of cancers and may also cause the early onset of these cancers. Although cancer syndromes exhibit an increased risk of cancer, the risk varies.
Invasion is the process by which cancer cells directly extend and penetrate into neighboring tissues in cancer. [1] It is generally distinguished from metastasis, which is the spread of cancer cells through the circulatory system or the lymphatic system to more distant locations.
Transmissible cancers follow the general pattern of cancer spread, starting with the growth of primary cancer cells at tumor sites followed by invasion of surrounding tissue and subsequent spread throughout the organism. [5] The main hurdles for surviving cells of a successful spread to a new host are histocompatibility barriers.
Treatment may involve one or more of the following: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, proton therapy, targeted therapy, and surgery. [1] [2] In some non-Hodgkin lymphomas, an increased amount of protein produced by the lymphoma cells causes the blood to become so thick that plasmapheresis is performed to remove the protein. [2]