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HHS also tends to affect older people more. DKA may have fruity breath, and rapid and deep breathing. [6] DKA often has serum glucose level greater than 300 mg/dL (HHS is >600 mg/dL). [6] DKA usually occurs in type 1 diabetics whereas HHS is more common in type 2 diabetics. [6]
Treatment includes administration of intravenous saline to rehydrate and 5% dextrose to turn off gluconeogenesis. Electrolyte imbalances, specifically hypokalaemia, should be corrected. Thiamine supplementation is often included to prevent Wernicke encephalopathy. Insulin is generally not used due to risk of hypoglycemia. [5]
A person's breath may develop a specific "fruity" or acetone smell. [1] The onset of symptoms is usually rapid. [1] People without a previous diagnosis of diabetes may develop DKA as the first obvious symptom. [1] DKA happens most often in those with type 1 diabetes but can also occur in those with other types of diabetes under certain ...
Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state caused by uncontrolled production of ketone bodies that cause a metabolic acidosis.While ketosis refers to any elevation of blood ketones, ketoacidosis is a specific pathologic condition that results in changes in blood pH and requires medical attention.
The mainstay of physiologic ketotic hypoglycemia treatment typically includes management of the underlying cause, fluid resuscitation, and dietary supplementation of sugars and carbohydrates. [2] Alanine is a direct precursor in gluconeogenesis and can be used for treatment of ketotic hypoglycemia.
After hypoglycemia in a person is identified, rapid treatment is necessary and can be life-saving. [1] The main goal of treatment is to raise blood glucose back to normal levels, which is done through various ways of administering glucose, depending on the severity of the hypoglycemia, what is on-hand to treat, and who is administering the ...
Adolf Kussmaul referred to breathing when metabolic acidosis was sufficiently severe for the respiratory rate to be normal or reduced. [2] This definition is also followed by several other sources, [3] [4] including for instance Merriam-Webster, which defines Kussmaul breathing as "abnormally slow deep respiration characteristic of air hunger and occurring especially in acidotic states". [5]
Symptoms include: shortness of breath, breath that smells fruity (such as pear drops), nausea and vomiting, and very dry mouth. Chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) injures the heart in patients without a history of heart disease or diabetes and is strongly associated with heart attacks and death in subjects with no coronary heart disease ...