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Novgorod Land was especially seriously affected by the crisis of the late 16th century. Due to a severe epidemic hitting Novgorod in 1552, massacres by Ivan the Terrible, repeated crop failures and the increasing tax burden, the population decreased five times by the end of the century. [41] [42] Novgorod Land on the Dutch map of Muscovy (1593)
[c] Novgorod Land and Novgorod volost usually referred to the land belonging to Novgorod. Novgorod Republic (Russian: Новгородская республика, romanized: Novgorodskaya respublika) itself is a much later term, [22] although the polity was described as a republic as early as in the beginning of the 16th century.
The Novgorod Land became one of the Old Believers' strongholds after the Schism. [42] The city remained an important trade centre even though it was now eclipsed by Archangelsk , Novgorodian merchants were trading in the Baltic cities and Stockholm while Swedish merchants came to Novgorod where they had their own trading post since 1627. [ 46 ]
Pyatina (Russian: пятина) was a first-level unit of administrative division of Novgorod Land. The name pyatina originates from the word Russian : пять , which means "five". Novgorod Land was subdivided into five pyatinas.
Pskov achieved an autonomy from Novgorod in the 13th century; its independence was confirmed by the Treaty of Bolotovo in 1348. After the fall of the republic, Novgorod Land, as part of Muscovy, consisted of 5 pyatinas (literally "fifths") that were further divided into uyezds and pogosts.
This land was named “lower” (nizhniy (нижний)), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom.
1515 – Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin built. [3] 1631 – Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel (Nizhny Novgorod) rebuilt. 1719 – Stroganov church built. [1] 1817 – Annual Nizhny Novgorod Fair begins. [1] [3] 1822 – Old Fair Church of the Transfiguration (Nizhny Novgorod) built. 1849 – Nizhny Novgorod Machine Factory established.
Novgorod Oblast borders with Leningrad Oblast in the north and in the northwest, Vologda Oblast in the east, Tver Oblast in the southeast and in the south, and Pskov Oblast in the southwest, which coincidentally has a similar amount of land area as Novgorod Oblast.