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This key fact can be proven by observing that, for a fixed matrix , both sides of the equation are alternating and multilinear as a function depending on the columns of . Moreover, they both take the value det B {\displaystyle \det B} when A {\displaystyle A} is the identity matrix.
Rule of Sarrus: The determinant of the three columns on the left is the sum of the products along the down-right diagonals minus the sum of the products along the up-right diagonals.
The determinant of the left hand side is the product of the determinants of the three matrices. Since the first and third matrix are triangular matrices with unit diagonal, their determinants are just 1. The determinant of the middle matrix is our desired value. The determinant of the right hand side is simply (1 + v T u). So we have the result:
Thus the only alternating multilinear functions with () = are restricted to the function defined by the Leibniz formula, and it in fact also has these three properties. Hence the determinant can be defined as the only function det : M n ( K ) → K {\displaystyle \det :M_{n}(\mathbb {K} )\rightarrow \mathbb {K} } with these three properties.
More specifically, they can be characterized as orthogonal matrices with determinant 1; that is, a square matrix R is a rotation matrix if and only if R T = R −1 and det R = 1. The set of all orthogonal matrices of size n with determinant +1 is a representation of a group known as the special orthogonal group SO( n ) , one example of which is ...
When this matrix is square, that is, when the function takes the same number of variables as input as the number of vector components of its output, its determinant is referred to as the Jacobian determinant. Both the matrix and (if applicable) the determinant are often referred to simply as the Jacobian in literature. [4]
In matrix calculus, Jacobi's formula expresses the derivative of the determinant of a matrix A in terms of the adjugate of A and the derivative of A. [ 1 ] If A is a differentiable map from the real numbers to n × n matrices, then
The above example of matrices demonstrates that matrix product of top row and leftmost columns of involved matrices plays special role for to succeed. Let us mark consecutive versions of matrices with (), (), … and then let us write matrix product () = () in such way that these rows and columns are separated from the rest.