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Routine use of fundal massage can prevent postpartum or post-abortion hemorrhage and can reduce pain; it may also reduce the need for uterotonics, medications that cause the uterus to contract. It is used to treat uterine atony , a condition where the uterus lacks muscle tone and is soft to the touch instead of firm.
The fundus may be monitored because a rising fundus can indicate bleeding. An ultrasound may be used to rule out placenta praevia but is not diagnostic for abruption. [ 8 ] The diagnosis is one of exclusion, meaning other possible sources of vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain have to be ruled out in order to diagnose placental abruption. [ 5 ]
Manual placenta removal is the evacuation of the placenta from the uterus by hand. [6] It is usually carried out under anesthesia or more rarely, under sedation and analgesia . A hand is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterine cavity and the placenta is detached from the uterine wall and then removed manually.
Postpartum infections, also known as childbed fever and puerperal fever, are any bacterial infections of the female reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage. [1] Signs and symptoms usually include a fever greater than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), chills, lower abdominal pain, and possibly bad-smelling vaginal discharge . [ 1 ]
Postpartum bleeding or postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is often defined as the loss of more than 500 ml or 1,000 ml of blood following childbirth. [2] Some have added the requirement that there also be signs or symptoms of low blood volume for the condition to exist. [ 6 ]
After birth, the fundus contracts downward into the pelvis one centimeter each day. After two weeks the uterus will have contracted and return into the pelvis. [9] The sensation and strength of postpartum uterine contractions can be stronger in women who have previously delivered a child or children. [10]
Leopold's maneuvers. In obstetrics, Leopold maneuvers are a common and systematic way to determine the position of a fetus inside the woman's uterus.They are named after the gynecologist Christian Gerhard Leopold.
Normal puerperal uterus may be displaced by a full bladder or a loaded rectum. It feels boggy and softer upon palpation. The presence of features responsible for subinvolution may be evident.