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The Al-Azhar is considered by some as the world's second oldest surviving degree-granting institute. [citation needed] According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, Al-Azhar was a religious university, a madrasa and center of higher learning. [8]
The Middle East Institute (MEI) is a non-profit, non-partisan think tank and cultural centre in Washington, D.C., founded in 1946. [2] It seeks to "increase knowledge of the Middle East among the United States citizens and promote a better understanding between the people of these two areas."
Institutions founded before the colonial era and which are still in operation: . University of Al-Qarawiyyin, Morocco, the oldest existing, continually operating and the first degree-awarding educational institution in the world according to UNESCO and Guinness World Records.
In direct contrast to the Qadariyyah, Jabriyah was an early Islamic philosophical school based on the belief that humans are controlled by predestination, without having choice or free will. The Jabriya school originated during the Umayyad dynasty in Basra. The first representative of this school was Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham who was executed in 724. [64]
Madrasa (/ m ə ˈ d r æ s ə /, [1] also US: /-r ɑː s-/, [2] [3] UK: / ˈ m æ d r ɑː s ə /; [4] Arabic: مدرسة [mædˈræ.sæ, ˈmad.ra.sa] ⓘ, pl. مدارس, madāris), sometimes transliterated as madrasah or madrassa, [3] [5] is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning.
Madrasas soon multiplied throughout the Islamic world, which helped to spread Islamic learning beyond urban centers and to unite diverse Islamic communities in a shared cultural project. [1] Madrasas were devoted principally to study of Islamic law , but they also offered other subjects such as theology, medicine, and mathematics. [ 2 ]
An Iranian-born research scientist who filed a federal discrimination lawsuit alleging a co-worker at the University of Alabama at Birmingham harassed her for nine years because of her ethnicity ...
[31] [32] [33] According to Sunni sources, Muʿtazili theology originated in the eighth century in Basra (now in Iraq) when Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭā' (died 131 AH/748 AD) withdrew (iʿtazala, hence the name Mu'tazila) from the teaching lessons of Hasan al-Basri after a theological dispute regarding the issue of al-Manzilah bayna al-Manzilatayn (a ...