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  2. Plasma (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)

    In most cases, the electrons and heavy plasma particles (ions and neutral atoms) separately have a relatively well-defined temperature; that is, their energy distribution function is close to a Maxwellian even in the presence of strong electric or magnetic fields. However, because of the large difference in mass between electrons and ions ...

  3. Fluid mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mechanics

    Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. [1]: 3 It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical, and biomedical engineering, as well as geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology.

  4. Liquid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid

    Liquid is one of the four primary states of matter, with the others being solid, gas and plasma. A liquid is a fluid. Unlike a solid, the molecules in a liquid have a much greater freedom to move. The forces that bind the molecules together in a solid are only temporary in a liquid, allowing a liquid to flow while a solid remains rigid. A ...

  5. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    Liquid crystal states have properties intermediate between mobile liquids and ordered solids. Generally, they are able to flow like a liquid, but exhibiting long-range order. For example, the nematic phase consists of long rod-like molecules such as para-azoxyanisole, which is nematic in the temperature range 118–136 °C (244–277 °F). [10]

  6. Waves in plasmas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waves_in_plasmas

    In the simplest case, it is composed of electrons and a single species of positive ions, but it may also contain multiple ion species including negative ions as well as neutral particles. Due to its electrical conductivity, a plasma couples to electric and magnetic fields. This complex of particles and fields supports a wide variety of wave ...

  7. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Hexatic state, a state of matter that is between the solid and the isotropic liquid phases in two dimensional systems of particles. Ferroics; Ferroelastic state, a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain. Photon molecule: Photons which are connected with each other, attracted by apparent mass while mediating energy transfer.

  8. Quark–gluon plasma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark–gluon_plasma

    The strength of the color force means that unlike the gas-like plasma, quark–gluon plasma behaves as a near-ideal Fermi liquid, although research on flow characteristics is ongoing. [75] Liquid or even near-perfect liquid flow with almost no frictional resistance or viscosity was claimed by research teams at RHIC [ 76 ] and LHC's Compact Muon ...

  9. Plasma parameters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_parameters

    All quantities are in Gaussian units except energy and temperature which are in electronvolts.For the sake of simplicity, a single ionic species is assumed. The ion mass is expressed in units of the proton mass, = / and the ion charge in units of the elementary charge, = / (in the case of a fully ionized atom, equals to the respective atomic number).