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VZV infection during pregnancy results in a normal newborn birth in majority of the patients, however, in a few patients it can result in congenital varicella syndrome or neonatal varicella or clinical zoster during infancy, the outcomes are dependent on the gestational age of fetus at the time of infection.
Famciclovir is a guanosine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections, most commonly for herpes zoster (shingles). It is a prodrug form of penciclovir with improved oral bioavailability. Famciclovir is marketed under the trade name Famvir .
Primary herpes simplex infection, when occurring in pregnant women, has an increased risk of dissemination and hepatitis, an otherwise rare complication in immunocompetent adults, particularly during the third trimester. [1] Also, recurrences of herpes genitalis increase in frequency during pregnancy. [1]
Varicella zoster virus is not the same as herpes simplex virus, although they both belong to the alpha subfamily of herpesviruses. [14] Shingles vaccines reduce the risk of shingles by 50 to 90%, depending on the vaccine used. [1] [15] Vaccination also decreases rates of postherpetic neuralgia, and, if shingles occurs, its severity. [1]
Studies in rats in which they were given the equivalent to 63 times the standard steady-state human concentrations of the drug [Note 1] on day 10 of gestation showed head and tail anomalies. [27] Aciclovir is recommended by the CDC for treatment of varicella during pregnancy, especially during the second and third trimesters. [28]
In about a third of cases, [7] VZV reactivates in later life, producing a disease known as shingles or herpes zoster. The individual lifetime risk of developing herpes zoster is thought to be between 20% and 30%, or approximately 1 in 4 people. However, for people aged 85 and over, this risk increases to 1 in 2. [8]
A zoster vaccine is a vaccine that reduces the incidence of herpes zoster (shingles), a disease caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which is also responsible for chickenpox. [8] Shingles provokes a painful rash with blisters, and can be followed by chronic pain ( postherpetic neuralgia ), as well as other complications.
TORCH syndrome is a cluster of symptoms caused by congenital infection with toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, parvovirus, and Varicella zoster. [1] Zika virus is considered the most recent member of TORCH infections. [2]