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To ease the creation of traceability matrices, it is advisable to add the relationships to the source documents for both backward and forward traceability. [5] That way, when an item is changed in one baselined document, it is easy to see what needs to be changed in the other.
Within a product's supply chain, traceability may be both a regulatory and an ethical or environmental issue. [3] Traceability is increasingly becoming a core criterion for sustainability efforts related to supply chains wherein knowing the producer, workers and other links stands as a necessary factor that underlies credible claims of social, economic, or environmental impacts. [4]
Transmission between two network nodes may be asymmetric, and the forward and reverse delays are not equal. Half the RTT value is the average of the forward and reverse delays and so may be sometimes used as an approximation to the end-to-end delay. The accuracy of such an estimate depends on the nature of delay distribution in both directions.
One-way bearing combining sprags and bearing rollers in one race Sprags jam when driven and slide when in reverse. A sprag clutch is a one-way freewheel clutch.It resembles a roller bearing but, instead of cylindrical rollers, non-revolving asymmetric figure-eight shaped sprags, or other elements allowing single direction rotation, are used.
FEC can be applied in situations where re-transmissions are costly or impossible, such as one-way communication links or when transmitting to multiple receivers in multicast. Long-latency connections also benefit; in the case of satellites orbiting distant planets, retransmission due to errors would create a delay of several hours.
For example, in a star radio network, only the central hub transmits on the forward link, so channel access method is a consideration only on the return link. The "forward/return" terminology is also used for spacecraft communication links for command and telemetry. Because the return link carries telemetry, often including imagery, it is often ...
The receiver uses maximum-ratio combining to combine the received bits with the same bits from previous transmissions. Because all transmissions are identical, Chase combining can be seen as additional repetition coding. One could think of every re-transmission as adding extra energy to the received transmission through an increased Eb/N0.
A close-ratio transmission is one which is described relative to another transmission for the same vehicle model. The relativity applies only for the transmissions offered for a single make and model; that is, there is no specific threshold value or accepted industry standard that determines whether the steps between gears constitute a normal or close-ratio transmission.