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Jews had fought side-by-side with Muslim soldiers to defend the city, and as the crusaders breached the outer walls, the Jews of the city retreated to their synagogue to "prepare for death". [31] According to the Muslim chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi , "The Jews assembled in their synagogue, and the Franks burned it over their heads."
Roth's work claimed that most Jews involved in the war were only taking part as profiteers and spies, while he also blamed Jewish officers for fostering a defeatist mentality which impacted negatively on their soldiers. As such, the book offered one of the earliest published versions of the stab-in-the-back legend. [32]
The Jewish Amoraim attributed the destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem as punishment from God for the "baseless" hatred that pervaded Jewish society at the time. [107] Many Jews in despair are thought to have abandoned Judaism for some version of paganism, and many others sided with the growing Christian sect within Judaism.
The Jewish Immigrant in England, 1870-1914. Third edition. London: Vallentine Mitchell 2001. Godley, Andrew. Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New York and London, 1880–1914 (2001) Green, Joseph. A Social History of the Jewish East End in London, 1914–1939: A Study of Life, labour, and liturgy (Edwin Mellen Press, 1991)
This timeline of antisemitism chronicles events in the history of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as members of a religious and ethnic group.It includes events in Jewish history and the history of antisemitic thought, actions which were undertaken in order to counter antisemitism or alleviate its effects, and events that affected the prevalence of antisemitism in ...
The essay began as an attack on Jewish composers, particularly Wagner's contemporaries (and rivals) Felix Mendelssohn and Giacomo Meyerbeer, but expanded to accuse Jewish influences more widely of being a harmful and alien element in German culture. The term "antisemitism" was coined by the German agitator and publicist, Wilhelm Marr in 1879.
Jewish money was also used in France for financing the Second Crusade; the Jews were also attacked in many instances, but not on the scale of the attacks of 1096. In England, the Third Crusade was the pretext for the expulsion of the Jews and the confiscation of their money.
The first Jewish communities in the Kingdom of England were recorded some time after the Norman Conquest in 1066, moving from William the Conqueror's towns in northern France. [2] Jews were viewed as being under the direct jurisdiction and property of the king, [3] making them subject to his whims. The monarch could tax or imprison Jews as he ...