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0.1 × ( 12 ÷ 8 ) = 0.15 grain per dscf when corrected to a gas having a specified reference CO 2 content of 12 volume %. Notes: Although ppmv and grains per dscf have been used in the above examples, concentrations such as ppbv (i.e., parts per billion by volume), volume percent, grams per dscm and many others may also be used.
The concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are expressed as parts per million by volume (abbreviated as ppmv, or ppm(v), or just ppm). To convert from the usual ppmv units to ppm mass (abbreviated as ppmm, or ppm(m)), multiply by the ratio of the molar mass of CO 2 to that of air, i.e. times 1.52 (44.01 divided by 28.96).
1 volume percent = 10,000 ppmv (i.e., parts per million by volume) with a million being defined as 10 6. Care must be taken with the concentrations expressed as ppbv to differentiate between the British billion which is 10 12 and the USA billion which is 10 9 (also referred to as the long scale and short scale billion, respectively).
The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as mg/kg, or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%).
An estimated 52 million metric tons of global plastic waste emissions are produced every year, a new study by the University of Leeds has found. The study, using artificial intelligence to model ...
Atmospheric methane has increased since pre-industrial times from 0.7 ppm to 1.9 ppm. [75] From 2010 to 2019, methane emissions caused 0.5 °C (about 30%) of observed global warming. [76] [77] Global methane emissions approached a record 600 Tg CH 4 per year in 2017. [74]
The following table lists the annual CO 2 emissions estimates (in kilotons of CO 2 per year) for the year 2023, as well as the change from the year 2000. [4] The data only consider carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry.
The company is investing $4 billion to build a 1.5 million metric ton-per-year ethylene plant as well as up to two on-purpose propylene plants. These projects should come online in the 2015-to ...