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Reporting bias occurs when the dissemination of research findings is influenced by the nature and direction of the results, for instance in systematic reviews. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Positive results is a commonly used term to describe a study finding that one intervention is better than another.
Credit invisibility combined with the rise of big data and artificial intelligence has given rise to a new market that challenges the traditional FICO model of credit scoring. [44] The use of alternative data has been pursued as a means to access more consumers, a form of market competition in an industry seeking greater profits. [44]
According to the National Science Foundation (NSF), women and racial minorities are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). [1] Scholars, governments, and scientific organizations from around the world have noted a variety of explanations contributing to this lack of racial diversity, including higher levels of discrimination, implicit bias ...
Using the same data given to the plaintiffs, UC Berkeley economist David Card testified on behalf of Harvard and claimed in a report that SFFA's analysis of the personal ratings excluded applications from a sizable percentage of the applicant pool, personal essays, and letters of recommendation from teachers and guidance counselors and that ...
Discrimination can also occur on group variances in the signals (i.e. in how noisy the signal is), even assuming equal averages. For variance-based discrimination to occur, the decision maker needs to be risk averse; such a decision maker will prefer the group with the lower variance. [8]
[78] According to a report by the National Council of La Raza, research obstacles undermine the census of Latinos in prison, and "Latinos in the criminal justice system are seriously undercounted. The true extent of the overrepresentation of Latinos in the system probably is significantly greater than researchers have been able to document.
Historically, racism against African Americans has consisted of beliefs about African American intelligence, ambition, honesty, and other stereotypes, as well as support for segregation and support for acts of open discrimination. [5] Dana Mastro's research on racial bias in the United States reveals persistent racial prejudice among whites ...
Audit studies have been conducted to test the existence of discrimination in numerous occupations and services and in regards to multiple characteristics. For example, studies have been conducted to measure discrimination against racial minorities by real estate agents , [ 5 ] as well as gender discrimination against women applying for ...