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Permethrin is a medication and an insecticide. [6] [7] As a medication, it is used to treat scabies and lice. [8] It is applied to the skin as a cream or lotion. [6] As an insecticide, it can be sprayed onto outer clothing or mosquito nets to kill the insects that touch them. [7] [9] Side effects include rash and irritation where it is applied. [8]
At first, treatment is usually with topical permethrin 1% cream, which can be bought over the counter without a prescription. It is applied to the areas affected by pubic lice and washed off after 10 minutes. [6] Brands of permethrin include 'Lyclear', available in the UK as a creme rinse or dermal cream at 5% strengths.
Resistance of head lice to insecticides such as lindane, malathion, phenothrin and permethrin has been reported. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance of lice was 77% globally, and even 100% in several countries (Australia, England, Israel, and Turkey). [ 12 ]
Benzyl benzoate is an organic compound which is used as a medication and insect repellent. [1] As a medication it is used to treat scabies and lice. [2] For scabies either permethrin or malathion is typically preferred. [3]
Permethrin can be applied as a spray. The effects are not limited to mites: lice, cockroaches, fleas, mosquitos, and other insects will be affected. Ivermectin can be prescribed by a medical doctor to rid humans of mite and lice infestations, and agricultural formulations are available for infested birds and rodents.
Permethrin exerts its therapeutic effect by disrupting sodium transport across neuronal membranes in arthropods, inducing depolarization. This mechanism ultimately leads to respiratory paralysis in the affected arthropod, establishing permethrin as a potent agent in managing scabies and pediculosis.
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Pyrethroids such as permethrin have been commonly used; however, they have become less effective due to increasing pesticide resistance. [7] There is little evidence for alternative medicines. [9] Head-lice infestations are common, especially in children. [5] In Europe, they infect between 1 and 20% of different groups of people. [6]