Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are secreted glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of committed progenitors [1] in the bone marrow, thereby activating intracellular signaling pathways that can cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into a specific kind of blood cell (usually white blood cells. For red blood ...
Heme from red blood cells (RBC) that are in the cerebrospinal fluid because a blood vessel was damaged during the lumbar puncture (a "traumatic tap") has no time to be metabolized, and therefore no bilirubin is present. After the cerebrospinal fluid is obtained, a variety of its parameters can be checked, including the presence of xanthochromia.
This continuous flow into the venous system dilutes the concentration of larger, lipid-insoluble molecules penetrating the brain and CSF. [9] CSF is normally free of red blood cells and at most contains fewer than 5 white blood cells per mm 3 (if the white cell count is higher than this it constitutes pleocytosis and can indicate inflammation ...
Under normal conditions, there are usually less than 5 white blood cells per μL of CSF. In a pleocytic setting, the number of lymphocytes can jump to more than 1,000 cells per μL. Increases in lymphocyte count are often accompanied by an increase in cerebrospinal protein concentrations in addition to pleocytosis of other types of white blood ...
The GM-CSF and IL-3 both work together to stimulate production of all lines. When erythropoietin (EPO) is present, red blood cell production from the CFU-GEMM will be activated. G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-5, IL-4, and IL-3 stimulate the production of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets, respectively. [4]
CSF containing less than 10 red blood cells (RBCs)/mm 3 constitutes a "negative" tap in the context of a workup for subarachnoid hemorrhage, for example. Taps that are "positive" have an RBC count of 100/mm 3 or more.
Reference ranges for other CSF constituents Substance Lower limit Upper limit Unit Corresponds to % of that in blood plasma; RBCs: n/a [2] 0 [2] / negative: cells/μL or cells/mm 3: WBCs: 0 [2] 3 [2] cells/μL cells/mm 3: pH: 7.28 [1] 7.32 [1] (-log M) PCO 2: 44 [1] 50 [1] mmHg 5.9 [7] 6.7 [7] kPa: PO 2: 40 [1] 44 [1] mmHg 5.3 [7] 5.9 [7] kPa
The CSF sample is examined for presence and types of white blood cells, red blood cells, protein content and glucose level. [8] Gram staining of the sample may demonstrate bacteria in bacterial meningitis, but absence of bacteria does not exclude bacterial meningitis as they are only seen in 60% of cases; this figure is reduced by a further 20% ...