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Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. [1] In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.
Economics handbooks that form a series include, but are not limited to, the following: Cambridge Economic Handbooks – associated with Cambridge University Press in the U.K. It began in 1922 with volumes titled Supply and Demand [3] and Money. [4] Volumes in the series carry an often-cited introduction of J. M. Keynes, its first editor. [5]
The declaration makes SBA Economic Injury Disaster Loans available in Orleans, Jefferson, Plaquemines, St. Bernard and St. Tammany parishes. The loans are available through Oct. 3."Louisiana ...
Principles of Economics [1] is an introductory economics textbook by Harvard economics professor N. Gregory Mankiw. It was first published in 1997 and has ten editions as of 2024. [ 2 ] The book was discussed before its publication for the large advance Mankiw received for it from its publisher Harcourt [ 3 ] and has sold over a million copies ...
Average mortgage rates edge higher for 30-year and 15-year terms as of Wednesday, December 18, 2024, as the Federal Reserve is set to conclude its final policy session of the year.