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The renal fascia is a dense, elastic connective tissue envelope enclosing the kidney and adrenal gland, together with the layer of perirenal fat surrounding these two. [1]The renal fascia separates the adipose capsule of kidney from the overlying pararenal fat.
The renal pelvis is the location of several kinds of kidney cancer and is affected by infection in pyelonephritis. [citation needed] A large "staghorn" kidney stone may block all or part of the renal pelvis. The size of the renal pelvis plays a major role in the grading of hydronephrosis.
The transversalis fascia (or transverse fascia) is the fascial lining of the anterolateral abdominal wall [1] [2] situated between the inner surface of the transverse abdominal muscle, and the preperitoneal fascia. [3] [2] It is directly continuous with the iliac fascia, [2] the internal spermatic fascia, [citation needed] and pelvic fascia. [2]
Transverse section, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney. The costovertebral angle ( Latin : arcus costovertebralis ) is the acute angle formed on either side of the human back between the twelfth rib and the vertebral column .
Despite the right kidney lying 1 cm lower than the left (right just below and the left just above the plane), [2] to be practical, the surface markings are taken the same way. The hilum of the kidney on the left and right is taken as 5 cm from the vertical midline and is on the transpyloric plane.
The right kidney sits just below the diaphragm and posterior to the liver. The left kidney sits below the diaphragm and posterior to the spleen. On top of each kidney is an adrenal gland. The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs.
The unipapillary kidney with a single renal pyramid is the simplest type of kidney in mammals, from which the more structurally complex kidneys are believed to have evolved. [17] [6] [18] Differences in kidney structure are the result of adaptations during evolution to variations in body mass and habitats (in particular, aridity) between species.
Different layers of kidney depicted in a 3D medical Illustration. The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney. The adipose capsule is sometimes included in the structure of the renal capsule. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.