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An image from John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy, the first modern explanation of atomic theory.. This timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.
1774 – Charles Mason: Conducts an experiment near the Scottish mountain of Schiehallion that attempts to measure the mean density of the Earth for the first time. Known as the Schiehallion experiment. 1796 – Edward Jenner: tests the first vaccine. 1798 – Henry Cavendish: Torsion bar experiment to measure Newton's gravitational constant.
[citation needed] However, the 1927 article of Walter Heitler and Fritz London [107] is often recognised as the first milestone in the history of quantum chemistry. This is the first application of quantum mechanics to the diatomic hydrogen molecule, and thus to the phenomenon of the chemical bond.
The experiments of Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794), a French chemist regarded as the founder of modern chemistry, were among the first to be truly quantitative. Lavoisier showed that although matter changes its state in a chemical reaction, the quantity of matter is the same at the end as at the beginning of every chemical reaction.
1877–1878 – The American scientist Charles Sanders Peirce writes his Illustrations of the Logic of Science. The work popularises his trichotomy of abduction, deduction and induction. 1885 – Peirce and Joseph Jastrow first describe blinded, randomized experiments. [31]
Publication of the first analysis of the three-dimensional molecular structure of vitamin B 12 by a group including Dorothy Hodgkin, and utilising computer analysis provided by Kenneth Nyitray Trueblood. [5] [6] Strychnine total synthesis is first achieved in the laboratory by Robert Burns Woodward's team at Harvard. [7] [8] [9] [10]
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