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The telephone played a major communications role in American history from the 1876 publication of its first patent by Alexander Graham Bell onward. In the 20th century the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) dominated the telecommunication market as the at times largest company in the world, until it was broken up in 1982 and replaced by a system of competitors.
A telephone network is a telecommunications network that connects telephones, which allows telephone calls between two or more parties, as well as newer features such as fax and internet. The idea was revolutionized in the 1920s, as more and more people purchased telephones and used them to communicate news, ideas, and personal information. [1]
L-carrier also carried the first television network connections, though the later microwave radio relay system soon became more important for this purpose. Type L-3 was used for a short time for coast-to-coast network television feeds, but the advent of NTSC color was the cause for the move to Type TD microwave radio.
Telephone numbers listed in 1920 in New York City having three-letter exchange prefixes. In the United States, the most-populous cities, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago, initially implemented dial service with telephone numbers consisting of three letters and four digits (3L-4N) according to a system developed by W. G. Blauvelt of AT&T in 1917. [1]
Tarr, Joel A., Thomas Finholt, and David Goodman. "The city and the telegraph: urban telecommunications in the pre-telephone era." Journal of Urban History 14.1 (1987): 38–80. Thompson, Robert Luther. Wiring a Continent: The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States, 1832-1866 (1947) ends in 1866; emphasis on Western Union online
By 1930, AT&T's "two-way television-telephone" system was in full-scale experimental use. [7] [20] The Bell Labs' Manhattan facility devoted years of research to it during the 1930s, led by Dr. Herbert Ives along with his team of more than 200 scientists, engineers and technicians, intending to develop it for both telecommunication and broadcast entertainment purposes.
A party line (multiparty line, shared service line, party wire) is a local loop telephone circuit that is shared by multiple telephone service subscribers. [1] [2] [3]Party line systems were widely used to provide telephone service, starting with the first commercial switchboards in 1878. [4]
Network Nations: A Transnational History of American and British Broadcasting (2011) John, Richard. Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications (Harvard U.P. 2010), emphasis on telephone; Noll, Michael. The Evolution of Media, 2007, Rowman & Littlefield; Poe, Marshall T.