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This view of self-esteem as the collection of an individual's attitudes toward itself remains today. [15] In the mid-1960s, social psychologist Morris Rosenberg defined self-esteem as a feeling of self-worth and developed the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES), which became the most widely used scale to measure self-esteem in the social ...
Self-enhancement can occur by either self-advancing or self-protecting, that is either by enhancing the positivity of one's self-concept, or by reducing the negativity of one's self-concept. [8] Self-protection appears to be the stronger of the two motives, given that avoiding negativity is of greater importance than encouraging positivity. [ 9 ]
According to Leary, self-esteem is the relationship between one's real self and one's ideal self, feeding off of favorable behaviors. [2] It refers to an individual's sense of their value or worth, or the extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes themselves. [ 3 ]
Individuals may also seek self-enhancement, or to improve their self-esteem. [15] They may interpret, distort, or ignore the information gained by social comparison to see themselves more positively and further their self-enhancement goals. People also seek self-enhancement because holding favorable illusions about themselves is gratifying.
The concept of core self-evaluations was first examined by Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997) [1] [2] and involves four personality dimensions: locus of control, neuroticism, generalized self-efficacy, and self-esteem. The trait developed as a dispositional predictor of job satisfaction, but has expanded to predict a variety of other outcomes.
Positive mental attitude (PMA) is a concept first introduced in 1937 by Napoleon Hill in the book Think and Grow Rich. The book never actually uses the term, but discusses the importance of positive thinking as a contributing factor of success. [ 1 ]
an increase in self-esteem, less desire to win the approval of others, less self-critique and more self-kindness when mistakes occur, more desire to live life for one's self (and not others), and, the ability to take more risks without worrying about the consequences. [11] Self-acceptance is also thought to be necessary for good mental health. [2]
The Looking-Glass is Self-Shaming in Borderline Personality Disorder, shame is a large factor in the development of Borderline Personality Disorder. [7] The feeling of shame and insufficient self-worth comes from traumatic experiences such as abuse, neglect, abandonment, shaming family situations, and harsh upbringing. [7]