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The free factor complex was originally introduced in a 1998 paper of Allen Hatcher and Karen Vogtmann. [1] Like the curve complex, the free factor complex is known to be Gromov-hyperbolic . The free factor complex plays a significant role in the study of large-scale geometry of Out ( F n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Out} (F_{n})} .
Fermat's factorization method, named after Pierre de Fermat, is based on the representation of an odd integer as the difference of two squares: =. That difference is algebraically factorable as (+) (); if neither factor equals one, it is a proper factorization of N.
Continuing this process until every factor is prime is called prime factorization; the result is always unique up to the order of the factors by the prime factorization theorem. To factorize a small integer n using mental or pen-and-paper arithmetic, the simplest method is trial division : checking if the number is divisible by prime numbers 2 ...
The factorizations are often not unique in the sense that the unit could be absorbed into any other factor with exponent equal to one. The entry 4+2i = −i(1+i) 2 (2+i), for example, could also be written as 4+2i= (1+i) 2 (1−2i). The entries in the table resolve this ambiguity by the following convention: the factors are primes in the right ...
If two or more factors of a polynomial are identical, then the polynomial is a multiple of the square of this factor. The multiple factor is also a factor of the polynomial's derivative (with respect to any of the variables, if several). For univariate polynomials, multiple factors are equivalent to multiple roots (over a suitable extension field).
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The square-free part is 7, the square-free factor such that the quotient is a square is 3 ⋅ 7 = 21, and the largest square-free factor is 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 = 210. No algorithm is known for computing any of these square-free factors which is faster than computing the complete prime factorization.
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