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The Bradford Hill criteria, otherwise known as Hill's criteria for causation, are a group of nine principles that can be useful in establishing epidemiologic evidence of a causal relationship between a presumed cause and an observed effect and have been widely used in public health research.
These are known collectively as the Bradford-Hill criteria, after the great English epidemiologist who proposed them in 1965. However, Austin Bradford Hill himself de-emphasized "plausibility" among the other criteria: It will be helpful if the causation we suspect is biologically plausible. But this is a feature I am convinced we cannot demand.
Epidemiological (and other observational) studies typically highlight associations between exposures and outcomes, rather than causation. While some consider this a limitation of observational research, epidemiological models of causation (e.g. Bradford Hill criteria) [7] contend that an entire body of evidence is needed before determining if an association is truly causal. [8]
He also mentioned his interest in the Bradford Hill criteria of causation, a group of nine scientific principles to determine whether there is a true causal — or cause and effect ...
Sir Austin Bradford Hill [a] CBE FRS [3] (8 July 1897 – 18 April 1991) was an English epidemiologist who pioneered the modern randomised clinical trial and, together with Richard Doll, demonstrated the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
Bradford Hill criteria; Coincidence#Causality – Concurrence of events with no connection; Confounding – Variable or factor in causal inference; Confusion of the inverse – Logical fallacy; French paradox – Observation that heart disease in French people is much less than is expected; Design of experiments – Design of tasks
Austin Bradford Hill demonstrated a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and lung cancer, and summarized the line of reasoning in the Bradford Hill criteria, a group of nine principles to establish epidemiological causation.
Hill would later outline "Bradford Hill criteria" for establishing causal relationships between statistically correlated phenomena. [ 7 ] This publication laid the groundwork for CIOMS' 1982, 1993, 2002, 2009, and 2016 versions of International Ethical Guidelines for Health-Related Research Involving Humans . [ 3 ]