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Overview of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) translation Translation of mRNA and ribosomal protein synthesis Initiation and elongation stages of translation involving RNA nucleobases, the ribosome, transfer RNA, and amino acids The three phases of translation: (1) in initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the RNA strand and the initiator tRNA–amino acid complex binds to the start ...
Translation is one of the key energy consumers in cells, hence it is strictly regulated. Numerous mechanisms have evolved that control and regulate translation in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. Regulation of translation can impact the global rate of protein synthesis which is closely coupled to the metabolic and proliferative state of a cell.
Protein synthesis is a very similar process for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but there are some distinct differences. [1] Protein synthesis can be divided broadly into two phases: transcription and translation. During transcription, a section of DNA encoding a protein, known as a gene, is converted into a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA).
Phosphorylation is highly effective for controlling the enzyme activity and is the most common change after translation. [ 2 ] Many eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins also have carbohydrate molecules attached to them in a process called glycosylation , which can promote protein folding and improve stability as well as serving regulatory functions.
The ribosomal P-site plays a vital role in all phases of translation. Initiation involves recognition of the start codon (AUG) by initiator tRNA in the P-site, elongation involves passage of many elongator tRNAs through the P site, termination involves hydrolysis of the mature polypeptide from tRNA bound to the P-site, and ribosome recycling involves release of deacylated tRNA.
Initiation of translation in bacteria involves the assembly of the components of the translation system, which are: the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S subunits); the mature mRNA to be translated; the tRNA charged with N-formylmethionine (the first amino acid in the nascent peptide); guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as a source of energy, and the three prokaryotic initiation factors IF1, IF2 ...
Protein anabolism is the process by which proteins are formed from amino acids. It relies on five processes: amino acid synthesis, transcription , translation , post translational modifications , and protein folding .
Thus translation and transcription are parallel processes. Bacterial mRNA are usually polycistronic and contain multiple ribosome binding sites. Translation initiation is the most highly regulated step of protein synthesis in prokaryotes. [5] The rate of translation depends on two factors: the rate at which a ribosome is recruited to the RBS