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The brain volume decreases roughly 5% per decade after forty. It is currently unclear why brain volume decreases with age. However, a few causes may include cell death, decreased cell volume, and changes in synaptic structure.
More recent MRI studies have reported age-related regional decreases in cerebral volume. [6] [7] Regional volume reduction is not uniform; some brain regions shrink at a rate of up to 1% per year, whereas others remain relatively stable until the end of the life-span. [8]
In the brain, serotonin is a neurotransmitter and regulates arousal, behavior, sleep, and mood, among other things. [9] During prolonged exercise where central nervous system fatigue is present, serotonin levels in the brain are higher than normal physiological conditions; these higher levels can increase perceptions of effort and peripheral muscle fatigue. [9]
Chronic stress affects a person's cognitive functioning differently for typical subjects versus subjects with mild cognitive impairment. [21] Chronic stress and elevated cortisol (a biomarker for stress) has been known to lead to dementia in elderly people. [4]
Regions of the brain associated with stress and post-traumatic stress disorder [129] A meta-analysis of structural MRI studies found an association with reduced total brain volume, intracranial volume, and volumes of the hippocampus, insula cortex, and anterior cingulate. [130] Much of this research stems from PTSD in those exposed to the ...
Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) People with chronic fatigue syndrome display a hypersensitivity to noxious stimuli, stress, and pain. [30] These sensitivities are partially explained by abnormal neurotransmitter pathways involving serotonin and acetylcholine. [30]
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Emotional stress; Severe constipation/fecal impaction; ... decreases in brain volume ... [85] with elderly patients who are staying in the hospital. Alternative ...