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The brain volume decreases roughly 5% per decade after forty. It is currently unclear why brain volume decreases with age. However, a few causes may include cell death, decreased cell volume, and changes in synaptic structure.
[6] [7] Regional volume reduction is not uniform; some brain regions shrink at a rate of up to 1% per year, whereas others remain relatively stable until the end of the life-span. [8] The brain is very complex, and is composed of many different areas and types of tissue, or matter.
In one review, 35% of patients had mild forms of anxiety, insomnia, and depression and 13% of patients had moderate to severe forms. [37] Another review reports frequencies of depression and anxiety of 47% and 37%. [38] According to a large meta-analysis, depression occurs in 23.0% (16.1 to 26.1) and anxiety in 15.9% (5.6 to 37.7). [39]
Little is known about the events that occur during and that actually cause Alzheimer's disease. This is due to the fact that, historically, brain tissue from patients with the disease could only be studied after the person's death. Brain scans can now help diagnose and distinguish between different kinds of dementia and show severity.
Finally, evidence for the recovery of brain volume with continued sobriety is supported by the improvement in neuropsychological performance. Compared to the control participants, abstinent alcoholic patients scored significantly better on tests measuring cognitive, sensory, and motor functions including abstract reasoning , memory ...
Mostly in the frontal cortex, these differences often stem from a smaller brain volume, and the decreased blood flow that results influences the hypofrontality. [9] It has not been determined if the reduction of the frontal cortex is the ultimate cause of the symptoms, or if the condition worsens as the symptoms develop.
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Also noted within a study relating to age and anxiety and memory it was noted that lesions on the brain can affect spatial learning as well as sex presenting at a disadvantage. Dysfunction within the hippocampus can be a reason behind aging brain changes among the elderly. [27]