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The system was developed partly because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 when the United States denied an Indian request for Global Positioning System (GPS) data for the Kargil region, which would have provided vital information. [22]
Name used in the default map caption; image = India location map.svg The default map image, without "Image:" or "File:" image1 = India relief location map.jpg An alternative map image, usually a relief map, which can be displayed via the relief or AlternativeMap parameters; top = 37.5 Latitude at top edge of map, in decimal degrees; bottom = 5 ...
Distance along the plane established by the horizon Slant Range: Distance along the true line of sight True: Angle in earth coordinates with true north as the reference Relative: Angle in deck-plane coordinates using vehicle heading as the reference Rectangular: Cartesian coordinates typically known as X, Y, and Z Spherical
A computer continually calculates the vehicle's current position. First, for each of the six degrees of freedom (x,y,z and θ x, θ y and θ z), it integrates over time the sensed acceleration, together with an estimate of gravity, to calculate the current velocity. Then it integrates the velocity to calculate the current position.
Joseph E. Schwartzberg (2008) proposes that the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization (c. 2500–1900 BCE) may have known "cartographic activity" based on a number of excavated surveying instruments and measuring rods and that the use of large scale constructional plans, cosmological drawings, and cartographic material was known in India with some regularity since the Vedic period (1st ...
The basic formula for DR is Distance = Speed x Time. An aircraft flying at 250 knots airspeed for 2 hours has flown 500 nautical miles through the air. The wind triangle is used to calculate the effects of wind on heading and airspeed to obtain a magnetic heading to steer and the speed over the ground (groundspeed).
The angular velocity of the Earth is defined to be ω = 72.921 15 × 10 −6 rad/s. [ 11 ] This leads to several computed parameters such as the polar semi-minor axis b which equals a × (1 − f ) = 6 356 752 .3142 m , and the first eccentricity squared, e 2 = 6.694 379 990 14 × 10 −3 .
The drift angle (shaded red) is due to the wind velocity (W/V, in green). In navigation, the heading of a vessel or aircraft is the compass direction in which the craft's bow or nose is pointed. Note that the heading may not necessarily be the direction that the vehicle actually travels, which is known as its course.