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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
Chloride cycle dealkalizers operate similar to sodium cycle cation water softeners. Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as ...
A common method for water softening involves the use of ion-exchange resins, which replace ions like Ca 2+ by twice the number of mono cations such as sodium or potassium ions. Washing soda (sodium carbonate, Na 2 CO 3) is easily obtained and has long been used as a water softener for domestic laundry, in conjunction with the usual soap or ...
An aqueous solution containing 120 mg NaHCO 3 (baking soda) per litre of water will contain 1.4285 mmol/l of bicarbonate, since the molar mass of baking soda is 84.007 g/mol. This is equivalent in carbonate hardness to a solution containing 0.71423 mmol/L of (calcium) carbonate, or 71.485 mg/L of calcium carbonate (molar mass 100.09 g/mol).
In some applications, air and water streams are simultaneously pushed upwards through the granular media followed by a rinse water wash. [3]: 213–4 Backwashing continues for a fixed time, or until the turbidity of the backwash water is below an established value. At the end of the backwash cycle, the upward flow of water is terminated and the ...
The definition of water hardness should be included within this article. In North America, water hardness is usually measured in units of gpg or grains per gallon, which is equivalent to the concentration of Ca++ and Mg++ ions in ppm, divided by 17.1. The article later mentions anion resins, and "water softeners" which remove SO4.
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