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Freeze–thaw desalination (or freezing desalination) uses freezing to remove fresh water from salt water. Salt water is sprayed during freezing conditions into a pad where an ice-pile builds up. When seasonal conditions warm, naturally desalinated melt water is recovered. This technique relies on extended periods of natural sub-freezing ...
Schematic of a multiple effect desalination plant. The first stage is at the top. Pink areas are vapor, lighter blue areas are liquid feed water. Stronger turquoise is condensate. It is not shown how feed water enters other stages than the first. F - feed water in. S - heating steam in. C - heating steam out. W - Fresh water (condensate) out.
Solar desalination is a desalination technique powered by solar energy. The two common methods are direct (thermal) and indirect (photovoltaic). The two common methods are direct (thermal) and indirect (photovoltaic).
The heat added in the brine heater usually comes in the form of hot steam from an industrial process co-located with the desalination plant. The steam is allowed to condense against tubes carrying the brine (similar to the stages). [citation needed] The energy that makes possible the evaporation is all present in the brine as it leaves the heater.
The first method utilizes an ejector system motivated by steam at manometric pressure from an external source in order to recycle vapor from the desalination process. The form is designated ejectocompression or thermocompression. Using the second method, water vapor is compressed by means of a mechanical device, electrically driven in most cases.
Seawater desalination is usually more energy efficient by reverse osmosis than electrodialysis. [citation needed] However, for water streams with lower salt concentration electrodialysis may be the most energy efficient process. Additionally, water streams with very high salt concentrations, that cannot be separated by reverse osmosis, can be ...
Deuterium-depleted water can be produced in laboratories and factories. Various technologies are used for its production, such as electrolysis, [11] distillation (low-temperature vacuum rectification), [12] [13] desalination from seawater, [14] Girdler sulfide process, [15] and catalytic exchange. [16]
Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven separation process in which separation is driven by phase change.A hydrophobic membrane presents a barrier for the liquid phase, allowing the vapour phase (e.g. water vapour) to pass through the membrane's pores. [1]