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The Zimmermann Telegram (as it was sent from Washington to Mexico) encrypted as ciphertext. KGB ciphertext found in a hollow nickel in Brooklyn in 1953. In cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. [1]
In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An alternative, less common term is encipherment. To encipher or encode is to convert information into cipher or code.
A simple illustration of public-key cryptography, one of the most widely used forms of encryption. In cryptography, encryption (more specifically, encoding) is the process of transforming information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can decode.
This reverses encryption step 2. X n−1 is the same as in the encryption process. P n−1 = X n−1 XOR C n−2. Exclusive-OR X n−1 with the previous ciphertext block, C n−2, to create P n−1. Finally, we reverse the XOR step from step 1 of the encryption process.
The most commonly used encryption cipher suit is AES, [73] as it has hardware acceleration for all x86 based processors that has AES-NI. A close contender is ChaCha20-Poly1305 , which is a stream cipher , however it is commonly used for mobile devices as they are ARM based which does not feature AES-NI instruction set extension.
Another example of a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that is much more difficult to decode is the Vigenère square, an innovative encoding method. With the square, there are 26 different cipher alphabets that are used to encrypt text. Each cipher alphabet is just another rightward Caesar shift of the original alphabet.
A typical distribution of letters in English language text. Weak ciphers do not sufficiently mask the distribution, and this might be exploited by a cryptanalyst to read the message. In cryptanalysis, frequency analysis (also known as counting letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext.
The Rail Fence cipher is a form of transposition cipher that gets its name from the way in which it is encoded. In the rail fence cipher, the plaintext is written downward and diagonally on successive "rails" of an imaginary fence, then moves up when it gets to the bottom. The message is then read off in rows.