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Pace is the reciprocal of speed. It can be calculated here from the following formula: [6] [19] p = p0·(1 + α·m) where: p = pace p0 = pace on flat terrain m = gradient uphill. This formula is true for m≥0 (uphill or flat terrain). [6] [19] It assumes equivalence of distance and climb by applying mentioned earlier α factor. [4] [19]
A pace is a unit of length consisting either of one normal walking step (approximately 0.75 metres or 30 inches), or of a double step, returning to the same foot (approximately 1.5 metres or 60 inches). The normal pace length decreases with age and some health conditions. [1]
Pacing is a reasonably easy and quick method of measuring distance in the field. [1] It is used to measure a distance and is often used with a sighting or a hand compass. Most commonly, pacing is split up into segments, such as chains, which are set measures of distance. By determining one's own pace, distance can easily be estimated.
dx = distance, S = slope, θ = angle of slope (inclination). The velocity on the flat terrain is 5 km / h, the maximum speed of 6 km / h is achieved roughly at -2.86°. [5] On flat terrain this formula works out to 5 km/h. For off-path travel, this value should be multiplied by 3/5, for horseback by 5/4. [1]
To use this method, the user must know the length of their pace to calculate the distance accurately traveled. Also, the number of paces to be walked must be precalculated (example: 2,112 paces= one mile, based on a 30-inch pace), and then the distance traveled has to be calculated from the walked paces.
Free-space loss increases with the square of distance between the antennas because the radio waves spread out by the inverse square law and decreases with the square of the wavelength of the radio waves. The FSPL is rarely used standalone, but rather as a part of the Friis transmission formula, which includes the gain of antennas. [3]
The distance between any two points on the real line is the absolute value of the numerical difference of their coordinates, their absolute difference.Thus if and are two points on the real line, then the distance between them is given by: [1]
Actual distance Route Milia passuum 1) English miles Kilometers Deviation Stadia 2) English miles Kilometers Deviation English miles Kilometers Route Northern Caspian Gates – Hecatompylos — — — — 1960 225 362 0.8%: 227 365 main road Southern Caspian Gates – Hecatompylos 133 122 196 2.4% — — — — 125 201 main road