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Sino-Tibetan (sometimes referred to as Trans-Himalayan) [1] [2] is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. [3] Around 1.4 billion people speak a Sino-Tibetan language. [4]
Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some historical linguists criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any shared innovations in phonology or morphology [2] to show that they comprise a clade of the phylogenetic tree. [3] [4] [5]
NE Indian languages and NE Indian languages and the origin of Sino the origin of Sino-Tibetan (2010). p. 20. Map in background: File:East_Asia_topographic_map.png by Ksiom . Author
The Tibetic languages form a well-defined group of languages descending from Old Tibetan (7th to 9th centuries, [2] or to the 11th/12th centuries). According to Nicolas Tournadre, there are 50 Tibetic languages, which branch into more than 200 dialects, which could be grouped into eight dialect continua. [2]
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia. The Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area is a sprachbund including languages of the Sino-Tibetan, Hmong–Mien (or Miao–Yao), Kra–Dai, Austronesian and Austroasiatic families spoken in an area stretching from Thailand to China. [1]
L1 speakers of Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages according to Ethnologue. Dialectologist Jerry Norman estimated that there are hundreds of mutually unintelligible Sinitic languages. [11] They form a dialect continuum in which differences generally become more pronounced as distances increase, though there are also some sharp boundaries. [12]
Date: 28 October 2021: Source: Own work based on "Tibeto-Burman vs Indo-Chinese" in Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.
ST means Sino-Tibetan languages. Main table. Population Language n C D F K [nb 1] N O1a O1b O2 P Q Others Source Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 40 5.0 0 2.5