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An abutment is the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam supporting its superstructure. [1] Single-span bridges have abutments at each end that provide vertical and lateral support for the span, as well as acting as retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the earthen fill of the bridge approach.
An integral bridge contains no expansion joints, spanning monolithically from abutment to abutment. [1] Movement due to thermal expansion and contraction or braking loads is accommodated by the end walls or abutments. [2] [3] Where intermediate supports are specified (e.g. bridge piers) these may also serve to resist thermal expansion movements ...
Railway bridges are built according to the "Manual for Railway Engineering" [12] published by the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA). [8] In Australia, the subject is covered in the Australian standard AS 5100.2:2017, "Bridge design, Part 2: Design loads".
The standard also encompasses the structural design of bridge foundations [4] as well as the design and requirements of bridge bearings for both ordinary and moving bridges. [6] [7] In 2010, BS 5400 was superseded by the Structural Eurocodes for the design of new bridges. However, BS 5400 still serves as the foundation for assessment standards ...
An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side, and partially into a vertical load on the arch supports.
In a bridge, the wing walls are adjacent to the abutments and act as retaining walls. They are generally constructed of the same material as those of abutments. The wing walls can either be attached to the abutment or be independent of it. Wing walls are provided at both ends of the abutments to retain the earth filling of the approaches.
A resin-retained bridge requires a very specific set of design principles. The following should be followed when designing the bridge: [3] Design should be kept as simple as possible; Should cover as much of the abutment tooth or teeth as possible; Be rigid; Permit the control of the occlusal contacts
A fixed arch bridge, that is one without hinges, exerts a bending moment at the abutments and stresses caused by change of temperature or shrinkage of concrete have to be taken up by the arch. A two-hinged arch has a hinge at the base of each arch (the springing point), while a three-hinged arch has a third hinge at the crown of the arch . [ 3 ]