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The average density of basalt is 2.9 g/cm 3, compared, for example, to granite’s typical density of 2.7 g/cm 3. [16] The viscosity of basaltic magma is relatively low—around 10 4 to 10 5 cP—similar to the viscosity of ketchup, but that is still several orders of magnitude higher than the viscosity of water, which is about 1 cP). [17]
The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main subdivisions of the subalkaline magma series, the other subalkaline magma series being the tholeiitic series. A magma series is a series of compositions that describes the evolution of a mafic magma, which is high in magnesium and iron and produces basalt or gabbro, as it fractionally crystallizes to become a felsic magma, which is low in ...
The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C (2219–2300 °F); [12] it is strongly reduced in the presence of water, down to 650 °C at a few hundred megapascals of pressure. [13] Granite has poor primary permeability overall, but strong secondary permeability through cracks and fractures if they are present.
Oceanic: 5 – 10 km (3 – 6 mi) thick [4] and composed primarily of denser, more mafic rocks, such as basalt, diabase, and gabbro. The average thickness of the crust is about 15 – 20 km (9 – 12 mi). [5] Because both the continental and oceanic crust are less dense than the mantle below, both types of crust "float" on the mantle.
The average density of the continental crust is about, 2.83 g/cm 3 (0.102 lb/cu in), [6] less dense than the ultramafic material that makes up the mantle, which has a density of around 3.3 g/cm 3 (0.12 lb/cu in). Continental crust is also less dense than oceanic crust, whose density is about 2.9 g/cm 3 (0.10 lb/cu in). At 25 to 70 km (16 to 43 ...
The internal structure of Earth. In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.It is usually distinguished from the underlying mantle by its chemical makeup; however, in the case of icy satellites, it may be defined based on its phase (solid crust vs. liquid mantle).
Typical acidic rocks are granite or rhyolite. The term is used in chemical classification of igneous rock based on the content of silica (SiO 2 ). Due to the fact that chemical analyzes are not always available, especially during the fieldwork, classification based on the mineral (modal) composition is more often used (dividing the igneous ...
Note that the especially high molar values, as for paraffin, gasoline, water and ammonia, result from calculating specific heats in terms of moles of molecules. If specific heat is expressed per mole of atoms for these substances, none of the constant-volume values exceed, to any large extent, the theoretical Dulong–Petit limit of 25 J⋅mol ...