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Elemental chlorine free (ECF) is a technique that uses chlorine dioxide for the bleaching of wood pulp. It does not use elemental chlorine gas during the bleaching process and prevents the formation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds , carcinogens .
Chlorine dioxide is sometimes used in combination with chlorine, but it is used alone in ECF (elemental-chlorine-free) bleaching sequences. It is used at moderately acidic pH (3.5 to 6). The use of chlorine dioxide minimizes the amount of organochlorine compounds produced. [8]
Elemental chlorine bleaching uses chlorine and hypochlorite. Elemental chlorine-free bleaching is more environmentally friendly since it eliminates the use of hypochlorite and replaces chlorine with chlorine dioxide or sodium chlorate. [3] Totally chlorine-free bleaching utilizes oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. This is the most environmentally ...
The worst, elemental chlorine, releases highly toxic dioxin into wastewater, but its use has mostly been eliminated. The most popular method now is elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleach — which ...
Chlorine is too reactive to occur as the free element in nature but is very abundant in the form of its chloride salts. It is the 20th most abundant element [71] in Earth's crust and makes up 126 parts per million of it, through the large deposits of chloride minerals, especially sodium chloride, that have been evaporated from water bodies.
This led to the development of chlorine-free processing technologies, with some companies adopting Totally Chlorine Free (TCF) methods, while others used Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) processes to reduce pollution. The deinking and recycling of paper require less bleaching, resulting in processed chlorine-free (PCF) pulp.
Classmate is an Indian brand of student stationery products.ITC Limited (formerly Indian Tobacco Company) launched its Classmate brand in 2003 with the notebooks category. . Subsequently, Classmate added pens, pencils, mechanical pencils and geometry boxes to its portfol
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