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In water treatment plants, backwashing can be an automated process that is run by local programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The backwash cycle is triggered after a set time interval, when the filter effluent turbidity is greater than a treatment guideline or when the differential pressure across the filter exceeds a set value.
The treatment system may be described using terms such as vermi-digester and vermi-trickling filter. When this kind of sanitation system is used to treat only the mixture of excreta and water from flush toilets or pour-flush toilets (called blackwater) then the term "toilet" is added to the name of the process, such as vermifilter toilet.
The UV facility treats water delivered by two of the city's aqueduct systems, the Catskill Aqueduct and the Delaware Aqueduct, via the Kensico Reservoir. [3] (The city's third supply system, the New Croton Aqueduct, has a separate treatment plant. [4]) The plant has 56 energy-efficient UV reactors, and cost the city $1.6 billion.
Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C. Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.
Raw water is delivered to the filtration plant by the New Croton Aqueduct and the Jerome Park Reservoir. [2] The Croton plant has a capacity of 320 million U.S. gallons (1.2 billion liters) per day and is designed to remove 99.9% of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium, and viruses. The system uses conventional drinking water treatment technologies:
The term "first flush effect" refers to rapid changes in water quality (pollutant concentration or load) that occur after early season rains. Soil and vegetation particles wash into streams; sediments and other accumulated organic particles on the river bed are re-suspended, and dissolved substances from soil and shallow groundwater can be flushed into streams.
The largest wastewater treatment plants can be defined in several ways. The largest in term of capacity, both during dry and wet-weathers, is the Jean-R.-Marcotte Wastewater Treatment Plant in Montreal. With full secondary treatment of effluents it would be the Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant of Boston.
The history of water supply and sanitation is one of a logistical challenge to provide clean water and sanitation systems since the dawn of civilization. Where water resources, infrastructure or sanitation systems were insufficient, diseases spread and people fell sick or died prematurely. Astronaut Jack Lousma taking a shower in space, 1974