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A lower house (the House of Commons), the members of which are chosen by the citizens of Canada through federal general elections. Elections Canada is the non-partisan agency responsible for the conduct of elections in Canada, including federal elections, by-elections and referendums. It is headed by the chief electoral officer.
Neutral voting models try to minimize the number of parameters and, as an example of the nothing-up-my-sleeve principle. The most common such model is the impartial anonymous culture model (or Dirichlet model). These models assume voters assign each candidate a utility completely at random (from a uniform distribution).
An electoral system (or voting system) is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Some electoral systems elect a single winner (single candidate or option), while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors.
Federal elections formerly used a mixture of first-past the-post and plurality block voting; provincial elections formerly used a variety of electoral methods See "Electoral reform" below. In the ten provinces and Yukon , elections are contested by candidates either representing political parties or running as independents.
Positional methods and score voting satisfy the participation criterion. All deterministic voting rules that satisfy pairwise majority-rule [55] [62] can fail in situations involving four-way cyclic ties, though such scenarios are empirically rare, and the randomized Condorcet rule is not affected by the pathology.
Lesser-evil voting is exceedingly common in plurality elections, where the first preference is all that counts (and thus lesser-evil voting is the only effective kind of strategic voting). The most typical tactic is to assess which two candidates are frontrunners (most likely to win) and to vote for the preferred one of those two, even if a ...
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Gibbard's theorem, built upon the earlier Arrow's theorem and the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem, to prove that for any single-winner deterministic voting methods, at least one of the following three properties must hold: The process is dictatorial, i.e. there is a single voter whose vote chooses the outcome.