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High levels of rheumatoid factor (in general, above 20 IU/mL, 1:40, or over the 95th percentile; there is some variation among labs) occur in rheumatoid arthritis (present in 80%) and Sjögren's syndrome (present in 50-70% of primary forms of disease). [11] The higher the level of RF the greater the probability of destructive articular disease.
The cause is unknown, but it may be due to an abnormal immune response. [2] Risk factors include family history, certain genetic factors, and exposure to silica . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The underlying mechanism involves the abnormal growth of connective tissue , which is believed to be the result of the immune system attacking healthy tissues. [ 6 ]
As of 2023, there are over 50 antigens among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are among the most prominent. There is no d antigen. There is no d antigen. Rh(D) status of an individual is normally described with a positive (+) or negative (−) suffix after the ABO type (e.g., someone who is A+ has the A antigen and Rh(D) antigen ...
Both are characterized by an immune system malfunction which may cause similar symptoms, such as rash, swelling, or fatigue, but the cardinal cause or mechanism of the diseases are different. A key difference is a malfunction of the innate immune system in autoinflammatory diseases, whereas in autoimmune diseases there is a malfunction of the ...
Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. [8] It more commonly affects people of northern European descent. [2] Women are more commonly affected than men. [15] With proper treatment, most people live normal lives. [5] Due to a higher risk of stomach cancer, those with pernicious anemia should be checked regularly for this. [13]
There are a few possible causes of resistance in cancer, one of which is the presence of small pumps on the surface of cancer cells that actively move chemotherapy from inside the cell to the outside. Cancer cells produce high amounts of these pumps, known as p-glycoprotein, in order to protect themselves from chemotherapeutics. Research on p ...
Short-acting Liothyronine's short half-life can result in large fluctuations of free T 3 [75] over the course of 24 hours. [77] Patients may have to adjust their dosage several times over the course of the disease. Endogenous thyroid hormone levels may fluctuate, particularly early in the disease. [78]
Treatment is guided by the severity and specific cause of the disease. Treatment focuses on eliminating the underlying problem, whether that means discontinuing drugs suspected to cause it or treating underlying sepsis. Diagnosis and treatment of serious thrombocytopenia is usually directed by a hematologist.