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The Enigma machine was invented by German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. [4] The German firm Scherbius & Ritter, co-founded by Scherbius, patented ideas for a cipher machine in 1918 and began marketing the finished product under the brand name Enigma in 1923, initially targeted at commercial markets. [5]
The Enigma machines produced a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.During World War I, inventors in several countries realised that a purely random key sequence, containing no repetitive pattern, would, in principle, make a polyalphabetic substitution cipher unbreakable. [6]
The title refers to the French, British and Polish teams which worked on breaking the Enigma cipher, known by shorthand as "X", "Y" and "Z", respectively. The Enigma cipher, produced by the Enigma machine, was used from the 1920s to the end of World War II by Germany—later Nazi Germany—for military and other high security communications.
The suggestion that Enigma was the only German cipher broken at Bletchley Park. The breaking of the Lorenz cipher , codenamed "Tunny", arguably made just as important a contribution to Ultra intelligence as the breaking of Enigma, and breaking Tunny was in many ways more difficult.
Enigma machine messages Solved (broken by Polish and Allied cryptographers between 1932 and 1945) 1939 D'Agapeyeff cipher: Unsolved 1939–1945 Purple cipher machine messages Solved (broken by Allied cryptographers in 1940) 1941 Lorenz SZ42 machine cipher messages Solved (broken by Allied cryptographers in 1942) 1944 Pigeon NURP 40 TW 194 ...
The Enigma-M4 key machine Key manual of the Kriegsmarine "Der Schlüssel M".. The Enigma-M4 (also called Schlüssel M, more precisely Schlüssel M Form M4) is a rotor key machine that was used for encrypted communication by the German Kriegsmarine during World War II from October 1941.
Naval Enigma decrypted in Hut 8 was forwarded from Hut 4 to the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC), [31] which distributed it initially under the codeword "HYDRO". [30] The codeword "ULTRA" was adopted in June 1941. [32] This codeword was reportedly suggested by Commander Geoffrey Colpoys, RN, who served in the Royal Navy's OIC.
Despite his knowledge of the success of Polish cryptologists against Enigma, Denniston shared the general pessimism about the prospects of breaking the more complex Naval Enigma encryption until as late as the summer of 1940, having told the Head of Naval Section at Bletchley: "You know, the Germans don't mean you to read their stuff, and I don ...