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Signs and symptoms of ACEi and ARB use during pregnancy include kidney damage or failure, oligohydramnios, anuria, joint contractures, and hypoplasia of the skull. [58] Common, alternative agents for high blood pressure in pregnant women include anti-adrenergic and beta-blocking medications, such as methyldopa or metoprolol, respectively.
Paromomycin is an antimicrobial used to treat a number of parasitic infections including amebiasis, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, and tapeworm infection. [3] It is a first-line treatment for amebiasis or giardiasis during pregnancy. [3]
Some adults also experience teeth discoloration (mild grey hue) after use. They are, however, safe to use in the first 18 weeks of pregnancy. [13] [14] Some patients taking tetracyclines require medical supervision because they can cause steatosis and liver toxicity. [15] [16] [17]
Nitrofurantoin is pregnancy category A in Australia. [3] It is one of the few drugs commonly used in pregnancy to treat UTIs. [38] There is a potential risk of hemolytic anemia in the newborn when used near time of delivery. [3] Newborns of women given this drug late in pregnancy had a higher risk of developing neonatal jaundice. [39]
Kanamycin A, [2] often referred to simply as kanamycin, is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis. [3] It is not a first line treatment. [3] It is used by mouth, injection into a vein, or injection into a muscle. [3] Kanamycin is recommended for short-term use only, usually from 7 to 10 days. [3]
Contraindicated in pregnancy: Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.
Affect bone growth of the fetus, so should be avoided during pregnancy; Fanconi syndrome may result from ingesting expired tetracyclines. Caution should be exercised in long-term use when breastfeeding. Short-term use is safe; bioavailability in milk is low to nil. [23]
If used during pregnancy, it can cause harm to the developing fetus. [5] However, it appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding. [8] Gentamicin is a type of aminoglycoside [5] and works by disrupting the ability of the bacteria to make proteins, which typically kills the bacteria. [5]