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The heart of NIST's next-generation miniature atomic clock -- ticking at high "optical" frequencies-- is this vapor cell on a chip, shown next to a coffee bean for scale. Conventional vapor cell atomic clocks are about the size of a deck of cards, consume about 10 W of electrical power and cost about $3,000.
In August 2004, NIST scientists demonstrated a chip-scale atomic clock that was 100 times smaller than an ordinary atomic clock and had a much smaller power consumption of 125 mW. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] The atomic clock was about the size of a grain of rice with a frequency of about 9 GHz.
Products included hydrogen masers, rubidium and cesium atomic standards, temperature and oven controlled crystal oscillators, miniature and chip scale atomic clocks, network time servers, network sync management systems, cable timekeeping solutions, telecom synchronization supply units (SSUs), and timing test sets.
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Toshiba TLCS-12, a microprocessor developed for the Ford EEC (Electronic Engine Control) system in 1973. [11] Intel 8080 CPU launched in 1974 was manufactured using this process. [96] The Television Interface Adaptor, the custom graphics and audio chip developed for the Atari 2600 in 1977. [97]
Cutler worked at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories (1957–1999), where he developed oscillators, atomic frequency standards and designed atomic chronometers. In 1999, he went on to work at Agilent Technologies, a spin-off from H-P, where he developed quartz oscillators, atomic clocks, and used the Global Positioning System to synchronize clocks worldwide. [3]
In semiconductor manufacturing, the 2 nm process is the next MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) die shrink after the 3 nm process node.. The term "2 nanometer", or alternatively "20 angstrom" (a term used by Intel), has no relation to any actual physical feature (such as gate length, metal pitch or gate pitch) of the transistors.
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