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  2. Othello error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello_error

    The phrase "Othello error" was first used in the book Telling Lies by Paul Ekman in 1985. [4] The name was coined from Shakespeare's play Othello , which provides an "excellent and famous example" [ 1 ] of what can happen when fear and distress upon confrontation do not signal deception.

  3. Spontaneous trait inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_trait_inference

    For example, Fundamental attribution error, which is the instinctive tendency to ascribe a certain behaviour to the individual's personality whilst neglecting the influence of situational factors, is a central concept to social psychology and is heavily founded on the spontaneous trait inference.

  4. Error management theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_management_theory

    Differences in perceptions of sexual interest between men and women may be exploited by both genders. Men may present themselves as more emotionally invested in a woman than they actually are in order to gain sexual access; 71% of men report engaging in this form of manipulation and 97% of women report having experienced this form of manipulation. [7]

  5. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    For example, when getting to know others, people tend to ask leading questions which seem biased towards confirming their assumptions about the person. However, this kind of confirmation bias has also been argued to be an example of social skill; a way to establish a connection with the other person. [9]

  6. The Shame of the Cities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shame_of_the_Cities

    Steffens' and the other muckrakers' work also helped change the national political climate. Palermo credits the muckrakers and their calls for reform for helping progressive reformers rise to political power in the states, and, to a lesser extent, in Congress, by 1906. Newly elected governors and members of Congress, he notes, followed the ...

  7. Misattribution of arousal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misattribution_of_arousal

    An example of the possible effects of misattribution of arousal is perceiving a potential partner as more attractive because of a heightened state of physiological stress. A study done by White et al. (1981) [ 2 ] investigated this phenomenon and found that those in an unrelated aroused state will rate an attractive confederate more highly than ...

  8. Fundamental attribution error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error

    Several theories predict the fundamental attribution error, and thus both compete to explain it, and can be falsified if it does not occur. Some examples include: Just-world fallacy. The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get, the concept of which was first theorized by Melvin J. Lerner in 1977. [11]

  9. Muckraker - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraker

    Muckraker David Graham Philips believed that the tag of muckraker brought about the end of the movement as it was easier to group and attack the journalists. [ 25 ] The term eventually came to be used in reference to investigative journalists who reported about and exposed such issues as crime, fraud, waste, public health and safety, graft, and ...