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Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment; current: 18:16, 27 August 2022: 900 × 413 (647 KB): FanofMultimedia123: Reverted to version as of 18:07, 20 March 2022 (UTC) It shows the largest territorial expansion from the Umayyads.
A map depicting the expansion of the Caliphate. The areas highlighted in pink depict territorial expansion during Abd al-Malik's reign. Abd al-Malik is considered the most "celebrated" Umayyad caliph by the historian Julius Wellhausen. [105] "His reign had been a period of hard-won successes", in the words of Kennedy. [76]
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The Arab conquest of Mesopotamia was carried out by the Rashidun Caliphate from 633 to 638 AD. The Arab Muslim forces of Caliph Umar first attacked Sasanian territory in 633, when Khalid ibn al-Walid invaded Mesopotamia (then known as the Sasanian province of Asōristān; roughly corresponding to modern-day Iraq), which was the political and economic centre of the Sasanian state. [1]
First flag used by the Zayyanid dynasty during the war. The Zayyanid-Almohad wars (1236–1248), also known as the Tlemcen-Almohad wars, were a series of conflicts that occurred between the Zayyanid dynasty, rulers of the Kingdom of Tlemcen in present-day Algeria, and the Almohad Caliphate, a North African Berber-Muslim empire that existed from the 12th to the 13th centuries.
Umar was the second Rashidun Caliph and reigned during 634–644. Umar's caliphate is notable for its vast conquests. Aided by brilliant field commanders, he was able to incorporate present-day Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, and parts of Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and south western Pakistan into the Caliphate.
The orthogonal parallel lines were separated by one degree intervals, and the map was limited to Southwest Asia and Central Asia. The earliest surviving world maps based on a rectangular coordinate grid are attributed to al-Mustawfi in the 14th or 15th century (who used invervals of ten degrees for the lines), and to Hafiz-i Abru (died 1430).
[1] [2] The lands beyond the Oxus—Transoxiana, known simply as "the land beyond the river" (mā wara al-nahr) to the Arabs [3] —were different to what the Arabs had encountered before: not only did they encompass a varied topography, ranging from the remote mountains of the Hindu Kush to fertile river valleys and deserts with oasis cities ...