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An everyday example is the cruise control on a road vehicle; where external influences such as gradients cause speed changes (PV), and the driver also alters the desired set speed (SP). The automatic control algorithm restores the actual speed to the desired speed in the optimum way, without delay or overshoot, by altering the power output of ...
A control loop is the fundamental building block of control systems in general and industrial control systems in particular. It consists of the process sensor, the controller function, and the final control element (FCE) which controls the process necessary to automatically adjust the value of a measured process variable (PV) to equal the value of a desired set-point (SP).
A functional block diagram, in systems engineering and software engineering, is a block diagram that describes the functions and interrelationships of a system. The functional block diagram can picture: [1] functions of a system pictured by blocks; input and output elements of a block pictured with lines; the relationships between the functions ...
Function Block Diagram is one of five languages for logic or control configuration [2] supported by standard IEC 61131-3 for a control system such as a programmable logic controller (PLC) or a Distributed Control System (DCS). The other supported languages are ladder logic, sequential function chart, structured text, and instruction list.
Thermodynamic diagrams are diagrams used to represent the thermodynamic states of a material (typically fluid) and the consequences of manipulating this material. For instance, a temperature– entropy diagram ( T–s diagram ) may be used to demonstrate the behavior of a fluid as it is changed by a compressor.
Figure 1: Functional flow block diagram format. [1] A functional flow block diagram (FFBD) is a multi-tier, time-sequenced, step-by-step flow diagram of a system's functional flow. [2] The term "functional" in this context is different from its use in functional programming or in mathematics, where pairing "functional" with "flow" would be ...
The definition of a closed loop control system according to the British Standards Institution is "a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero." [2]
China is the second largest global producer of ice wine, and produces approximately 40% of the world's ice wine, and with significant portions of the industry occurring in Gansu and Liaoning provinces, and smaller portions in Yunnan and Xinjiang. Cold weather in Gansu province requires the trenching of vines to prevent die-off, but the region ...