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The spread of domes in this style outside of Italy began with central Europe, although there was often a stylistic delay of a century or two. Use of the oval dome spread quickly through Italy, Spain, France, and central Europe and would become characteristic of Counter-Reformation architecture in the Baroque style.
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Rounded arches, vaults, and domes distinguish Roman architecture from that of Ancient Greece and were facilitated by the use of concrete and brick. [1] By varying the weight of the aggregate material in the concrete, the weight of the concrete could be altered, allowing lighter layers to be laid at the top of concrete domes.
In developing countries, domes are often less expensive alternatives to flat or sloped-roofed construction because they use less material to enclose a given volume and provide a lower rate of heat transfer due to the reduced surface area. Domes made with loam are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa, almost always using mud-bricks or adobes.
Domes built with steel and concrete were able to achieve very large spans. [50] The 1911 dome of the Melbourne Public Library reading room, presumably inspired by the British Museum, had a diameter of 31.5 meters and was briefly the widest reinforced concrete dome in the world until the completion of the Centennial Hall. [6]
Bulbous domes bulge out beyond their base diameters, offering a profile greater than a hemisphere. [3] An onion dome is a greater than hemispherical dome with a pointed top in an ogee profile. [3] They are found in the Near East, Middle East, Persia, and India and may not have had a single point of origin.
The north dome of the Isfahan mosque, in particular, is considered a masterpiece of medieval Iranian architecture, with the interlacing ribs of the dome and the vertically aligned elements of the supporting walls achieving a great elegance. [22] [20] Another innovation by the Seljuks was the "kiosk mosque".
The Roman Pantheon had the largest dome in the world for more than a millennium and is the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome to this day [1]. The Roman architectural revolution, also known as the concrete revolution, [2] is the name sometimes given to the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the arch, vault, and dome.