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  2. Fold (higher-order function) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(higher-order_function)

    Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...

  3. Variadic function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variadic_function

    In functional programming languages, variadics can be considered complementary to the apply function, which takes a function and a list/sequence/array as arguments, and calls the function with the arguments supplied in that list, thus passing a variable number of arguments to the function.

  4. Lazy evaluation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_evaluation

    For example, one could create a function that creates an infinite list (often called a stream) of Fibonacci numbers. The calculation of the n -th Fibonacci number would be merely the extraction of that element from the infinite list, forcing the evaluation of only the first n members of the list.

  5. Prefix sum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_sum

    Prefix sums are trivial to compute in sequential models of computation, by using the formula y i = y i − 1 + x i to compute each output value in sequence order. However, despite their ease of computation, prefix sums are a useful primitive in certain algorithms such as counting sort, [1] [2] and they form the basis of the scan higher-order function in functional programming languages.

  6. Kahan summation algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan_summation_algorithm

    function KahanSum2(input) // Prepare the accumulator. var sum = 0.0 // A running compensation for lost low-order bits. var c = 0.0 // The array input has elements indexed for i = 1 to input.length do // c is zero the first time around. var y = input[i] + c // sum + c is an approximation to the exact

  7. Subset sum problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset_sum_problem

    Let A be the sum of the negative values and B the sum of the positive values; the number of different possible sums is at most B-A, so the total runtime is in (()). For example, if all input values are positive and bounded by some constant C , then B is at most N C , so the time required is O ( N 2 C ) {\displaystyle O(N^{2}C)} .

  8. Python syntax and semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics

    Introduced in Python 2.2 as an optional feature and finalized in version 2.3, generators are Python's mechanism for lazy evaluation of a function that would otherwise return a space-prohibitive or computationally intensive list. This is an example to lazily generate the prime numbers:

  9. List of algorithms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algorithms

    An algorithm is fundamentally a set of rules or defined procedures that is typically designed and used to solve a specific problem or a broad set of problems.. Broadly, algorithms define process(es), sets of rules, or methodologies that are to be followed in calculations, data processing, data mining, pattern recognition, automated reasoning or other problem-solving operations.