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A similar distinction exists in the Germanic languages, which share a language area [citation needed]; German, Dutch, Danish and Icelandic use 'have' and 'be', while English, Norwegian and Swedish use 'have' only (although in modern English, 'be' remains in certain relic phrases: Christ is risen, Joy to the world: the Lord is come).
Spanish was one of the official languages in the Philippines in Southeast Asia until 1973. In the 1987 constitution, Spanish was removed as an official language (replaced by English), and was listed as an optional/voluntary language along with Arabic. It is currently spoken by a minority and taught in the school curriculum.
Romance languages have a number of shared features across all languages: Romance languages are moderately inflecting, i.e. there is a moderately complex system of affixes (primarily suffixes) that are attached to word roots to convey grammatical information such as number, gender, person, tense, etc. Verbs have much more inflection than nouns.
the common Dutch letters c and z are rare and used only in loanwords (e.g. chalet); the common Dutch vowel ij is not used; instead, i and y are used (e.g. -lik, sy); the common Dutch word ending -en is rare, being replaced by -e.
The verb later transformed to *haveō in many Romance languages (but etymologically Spanish haber), resulting in irregular indicative present forms *ai, *as, and *at (all first-, second- and third-person singular), but ho, hai, ha in Italian and -pp-(appo) in Logudorese Sardinian in present tenses.
Other languages of the Finno-Permic branch of the family include e.g. Mari (c. 400,000), and the Sami languages (c. 30,000). [citation needed] The Ugric branch of the language family is represented in Europe by the Hungarian language (c. 13 million), historically introduced with the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin of the 9th century.
The Cambridge history of the Romance languages. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. Loporcaro, Michele (2015). Vowel length from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press. Penny, Ralph (2002). A history of the Spanish language. Cambridge University Press. Politzer, Robert L. (1953). Romance trends in 7th and 8th century Latin documents. Chapel ...
Proto-Romance is the result of applying the comparative method to reconstruct the latest common ancestor of the Romance languages.To what extent, if any, such a reconstruction reflects a real état de langue is controversial.