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Modine Manufacturing is a thermal management company established in 1916 in the United States. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The company started as Modine Manufacturing Company by Arthur B Modine who patented the Spirex radiator for tractors.
For example, space heaters use heating elements much hotter than the room being heated. In these applications, a thermostat may be better able to sense and control the temperature of the item being heated. Nevertheless, a self-regulating heating element may still be used to keep the heating element from damaging itself or other parts of the heater.
An electric resistance heater has a thermal efficiency close to 100%. [8] When comparing heating units, such as a highly efficient electric resistance heater to an 80% efficient natural gas-fuelled furnace, an economic analysis is needed to determine the most cost-effective choice.
Modern high-efficiency furnaces can be up to 98% efficient and operate without a chimney, with a typical gas furnace being about 80% efficient. [1] Waste gas and heat are mechanically ventilated through either metal flue pipes or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes that can be vented through the side or roof of the structure.
This sets up convective loops of air movement within a room. If the radiator is blocked either from above or below, this air movement is prevented, and the heater will not work. Baseboard heating systems are sometimes fitted with moveable covers to allow the resident to fine-tune heating by room, much like air registers in a central air system.
Early hot water systems were used in Ancient Rome for heating the Thermæ. [13] Another early hot water system was developed in Russia for central heating of the Summer Palace (1710–1714) of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg. Slightly later, in 1716, came the first use of water in Sweden to distribute heating in buildings.
The cited Andersland Charts include corresponding water content percentages for easy measurements. The TPRC Data Book has been quoting de Vries with values of 0.0251 and 0.0109 W⋅cm −3 ⋅Kelvin −1 for the thermal conductivities of organic and dry mineral soils respectively but the original article is free at the website of their cited ...
The label must show the model number, the size, key features, and display largely a graph showing the annual operating cost in range with similar models, and the estimated yearly energy cost. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]